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<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface"></a>Tuple library advanced features</h2></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2001 Jaakko J&#228;rvi</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.legal"></a><p>
          Distributed under the <a href="http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">Boost
          Software License, Version 1.0</a>.
        </p>
</div></div>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.metafunctions_for_tuple_types">Metafunctions
      for tuple types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists">Cons lists</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element">Traits
      classes for tuple element types</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
      The advanced features described in this document are all under namespace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuples</span></code>
    </p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.metafunctions_for_tuple_types"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.metafunctions_for_tuple_types" title="Metafunctions for tuple types">Metafunctions
      for tuple types</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
        Suppose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is a tuple type,
        and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">N</span></code> is a constant integral
        expression.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">element</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
</pre>
<p>
        gives the type of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">N</span></code>-th
        element in the tuple type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
        If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>,
        the resulting type is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>
        qualified as well. Note that the constness of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
        does not affect reference type elements.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
</pre>
<p>
        gives the length of the tuple type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
      </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists" title="Cons lists">Cons lists</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
        Tuples are internally represented as <span class="emphasis"><em>cons lists</em></span>. For
        example, the tuple
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">D</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
        inherits from the type
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">D</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">null_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The tuple template provides the typedef inherited to access the cons list
        representation. E.g.: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">inherited</span></code> is the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">,</span>
        <span class="identifier">null_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
      </p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.empty_tuple"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.empty_tuple" title="Empty tuple">Empty
        tuple</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
          The internal representation of the empty tuple <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_type</span></code>.
        </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.head_and_tail"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.head_and_tail" title="Head and tail">Head
        and tail</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
          Both tuple template and the cons templates provide the typedefs <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">head_type</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tail_type</span></code>.
          The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">head_type</span></code> typedef gives
          the type of the first element of the tuple (or the cons list). The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tail_type</span></code> typedef gives the remaining
          cons list after removing the first element. The head element is stored
          in the member variable <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">head</span></code>
          and the tail list in the member variable <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tail</span></code>.
          Cons lists provide the member function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_head</span><span class="special">()</span></code> for getting a reference to the head of
          a cons list, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_tail</span><span class="special">()</span></code> for getting a reference to the tail.
          There are const and non-const versions of both functions.
        </p>
<p>
          Note that in a one element tuple, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tail_type</span></code>
          equals <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_type</span></code> and the
          <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_tail</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
          function returns an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_type</span></code>.
        </p>
<p>
          The empty tuple (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_type</span></code>)
          has no head or tail, hence the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_head</span></code>
          and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_tail</span></code> functions
          are not provided.
        </p>
<p>
          Treating tuples as cons lists gives a convenient means to define generic
          functions to manipulate tuples. For example, the following pair of function
          templates assign <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> to each
          element of a tuple (obviously, the assignments must be valid operations
          for the element types):
        </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set_to_zero</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">null_type</span><span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">{};</span>

<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">H</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set_to_zero</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">H</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_head</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">set_to_zero</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_tail</span><span class="special">());</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.constructing_cons_lists"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.cons_lists.constructing_cons_lists" title="Constructing cons lists">Constructing
        cons lists</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
          A cons list can be default constructed provided that all its elements can
          be default constructed.
        </p>
<p>
          A cons list can be constructed from its head and tail. The prototype of
          the constructor is:
        </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">cons</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">access_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">head_type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">parameter_type</span> <span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">tail_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
          The traits template for the head parameter selects correct parameter types
          for different kinds of element types (for reference elements the parameter
          type equals the element type, for non-reference types the parameter type
          is a reference to const non-volatile element type).
        </p>
<p>
          For a one-element cons list the tail argument (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_type</span></code>)
          can be omitted.
        </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element" title="Traits classes for tuple element types">Traits
      classes for tuple element types</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element.access_traits"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element.access_traits" title="access_traits">access_traits</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
          The template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">access_traits</span></code>
          defines three type functions. Let <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
          be a type of an element in a tuple:
        </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">access_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">non_const_type</span></code> maps <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> to the return type of the no n-const
              access functions (nonmember and member <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get</span></code>
              functions, and the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_head</span></code>
              function).
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">access_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">const_type</span></code> maps <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
              to the return type of the const access functions.
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">access_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">parameter_type</span></code> maps <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> to the parameter type of the tuple
              constructor.
            </li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element.make_tuple_traits"></a><a class="link" href="tuple_advanced_interface.html#tuple_advanced_interface.traits_classes_for_tuple_element.make_tuple_traits" title="make_tuple_traits">make_tuple_traits</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
          The element types of the tuples that are created with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span></code> functions are computed with
          the type function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_tuple_traits</span></code>.
          The type function call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_tuple_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
          implements the following type mapping:
        </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
              <span class="emphasis"><em>any reference type</em></span> -&gt; <span class="emphasis"><em>compile time
              error</em></span>
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <span class="emphasis"><em>any array type</em></span> -&gt; <span class="emphasis"><em>constant reference
              to the array type</em></span>
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reference_wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
              -&gt; <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> -&gt; <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
            </li>
</ul></div>
<p>
          Objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reference_wrapper</span></code>
          are created with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ref</span></code>
          and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cref</span></code> functions (see
          <a class="link" href="tuple_users_guide.html#tuple.constructing_tuples.make_tuple" title="The make_tuple function">The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span></code> function</a>).
        </p>
<p>
          Reference wrappers were originally part of the tuple library, but they
          are now a general utility of boost. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reference_wrapper</span></code>
          template and the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ref</span></code> and
          <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cref</span></code> functions are defined
          in a separate file <a href="../../../../libs/core/doc/html/core/ref.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ref</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code></a> in the main boost include
          directory; and directly in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span></code>
          namespace.
        </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: December 10, 2019 at 00:21:48 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001 Jaakko J&#228;rvi<p>
        Distributed under the <a href="http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">Boost
        Software License, Version 1.0</a>.
      </p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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