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          <font size="6" face=
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    <p>
      Spirit is an object-oriented recursive-descent parser generator framework
      implemented using template meta-programming techniques. Expression
      templates allow us to approximate the syntax of Extended Backus-Normal
      Form (EBNF) completely in C++.
    </p>
    <p>
      The Spirit framework enables a target grammar to be written exclusively
      in C++. Inline EBNF grammar specifications can mix freely with other C++
      code and, thanks to the generative power of C++ templates, are
      immediately executable. In retrospect, conventional compiler-compilers or
      parser-generators have to perform an additional translation step from the
      source EBNF code to C or C++ code.
    </p>
    <p>
      A simple EBNF grammar snippet:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><code><font color="#000000"><span class="identifier">group      </span> <span class="special">::=</span> <span class="literal">'('</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span> <span class="literal">')'
</span>    <span class="identifier">factor     </span> <span class=
"special">::=</span> <span class="identifier">integer</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="identifier">group
</span>    <span class="identifier">term       </span> <span class=
"special">::=</span> <span class="identifier">factor</span> <span class=
"special">((</span><span class="literal">'*'</span> <span class=
"identifier">factor</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
"literal">'/'</span> <span class="identifier">factor</span><span class=
"special">))*
</span>    <span class="identifier">expression </span> <span class=
"special">::=</span> <span class="identifier">term</span> <span class=
"special">((</span><span class="literal">'+'</span> <span class=
"identifier">term</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
"literal">'-'</span> <span class="identifier">term</span><span class=
"special">))*</span></font></code></pre>
    <p>
      is approximated using Spirit's facilities as seen in this code snippet:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><code><font color="#000000"><span class=
"identifier">group      </span> <span class=
      "special">=</span> <span class="literal">'('</span> <span class=
      "special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
      "identifier">expression</span> <span class=
      "special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="literal">')'</span><span class=
      "special">;
</span>    <span class="identifier">factor     </span> <span class=
"special">=</span> <span class="identifier">integer</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="identifier">group</span><span class="special">;
</span>    <span class="identifier">term       </span> <span class=
"special">=</span> <span class="identifier">factor</span> <span class=
"special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="special">*((</span><span class=
"literal">'*'</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
"identifier">factor</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
"literal">'/'</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
"identifier">factor</span><span class="special">));
</span>    <span class="identifier">expression </span> <span class=
"special">=</span> <span class="identifier">term</span> <span class=
"special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="special">*((</span><span class=
"literal">'+'</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
"identifier">term</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">|</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
"literal">'-'</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
"identifier">term</span><span class="special">));</span></font></code>
</pre>
<p>
      Through the magic of expression templates, this is perfectly valid and
      executable C++ code. The production rule <tt>expression</tt> is in fact
      an object that has a member function parse that does the work given a
      source code written in the grammar that we have just declared. Yes, it's
      a calculator. We shall simplify for now by skipping the type declarations
      and the definition of the rule <tt>integer</tt> invoked by
      <tt>factor</tt>. The production rule <tt>expression</tt> in our grammar
      specification, traditionally called the start symbol, can recognize
      inputs such as:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">12345
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">12345
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">+</span><span class="number">12345
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span> <span class=
"special">+</span> <span class="number">2
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span> <span class=
"special">*</span> <span class="number">2
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span><span class=
     "special">/</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class=
     "special">+</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class=
     "special">/</span><span class="number">4
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span> <span class=
"special">+</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class=
"special">+</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class=
"special">+</span> <span class="number">4
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span> <span class=
"special">*</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class=
"special">*</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class=
"special">*</span> <span class="number">4
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">(</span><span class=
     "number">1</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
     "number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
     "special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
     "number">3</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
     "number">4</span><span class="special">)
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">(-</span><span class=
"number">1</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
"number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
"number">3</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
"special">-</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="number">1</span> <span class=
"special">+</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class=
"number">6</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class=
"number">200</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class=
"special">-</span> <span class="number">20</span><span class=
"special">)</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="number">6
</span><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">(</span><span class=
     "number">1</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
     "special">(</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class=
     "special">+</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class=
     "number">3</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class=
     "special">(</span><span class="number">4</span> <span class=
     "special">+</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class=
     "special">))))</span>
</pre>
<p>
      Certainly we have done some modifications to the original EBNF syntax.
      This is done to conform to C++ syntax rules. Most notably we see the
      abundance of shift <tt>&gt;&gt;</tt> operators. Since there are no
      'empty' operators in C++, it is simply not possible to write something
      like:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class=
     "identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">b</span>
</pre>
<p>
      as seen in math syntax, for example, to mean multiplication or, in our
      case, as seen in EBNF syntax to mean sequencing (b should follow a). The
      framework uses the shift <tt class="operators">&gt;&gt;</tt> operator
      instead for this purpose. We take the <tt class="operators">&gt;&gt;</tt>
      operator, with arrows pointing to the right, to mean "is followed by".
      Thus we write:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class=
"identifier">a</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=
"identifier">b</span>
</pre>
<p>
      The alternative operator <tt class="operators">|</tt> and the parentheses
      <tt class="operators">()</tt> remain as is. The assignment operator
      <tt class="operators">=</tt> is used in place of EBNF's <tt class=
      "operators">::=</tt>. Last but not least, the Kleene star <tt class=
      "operators">*</tt> which used to be a postfix operator in EBNF becomes a
      prefix. Instead of:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="identifier">a</span><span class=
     "special">*</span> <span class="comment">//... in EBNF syntax,</span>
</pre>
<p>
      we write:
    </p>
    
<pre><code><font color="#000000">    </font></code><span class="special">*</span><span class=
     "identifier">a</span> <span class="comment">//... in Spirit.</span>
</pre>
<p>
      since there are no postfix stars, "<tt class="operators">*</tt>", in
      C/C++. Finally, we terminate each rule with the ubiquitous semi-colon,
      "<tt>;</tt>".
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      Copyright &copy; 1998-2003 Joel de Guzman<br>
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       <font size="2">Use, modification and distribution is subject to the
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