polynomials.html 56 KB

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  27. <a name="math_toolkit.polynomials"></a><a class="link" href="polynomials.html" title="Polynomials">Polynomials</a>
  28. </h2></div></div></div>
  29. <h5>
  30. <a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.h0"></a>
  31. <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="polynomials.html#math_toolkit.polynomials.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
  32. </h5>
  33. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  34. </pre>
  35. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">math</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  36. <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">tools</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  37. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  38. <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span>
  39. <span class="special">{</span>
  40. <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
  41. <span class="comment">// typedefs:</span>
  42. <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
  43. <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">size_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
  44. <span class="comment">// construct:</span>
  45. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(){}</span>
  46. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  47. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">order</span><span class="special">);</span>
  48. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  49. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
  50. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  51. <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span>
  52. <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">enable_if</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">is_convertible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
  53. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  54. <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">,</span>
  55. <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">enable_if</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">is_const_iterable</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// C++14</span>
  56. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">initializer_list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// C++11</span>
  57. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span>
  58. <span class="comment">// access:</span>
  59. <span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  60. <span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">degree</span><span class="special">()</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  61. <span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">[](</span><span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
  62. <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">[](</span><span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  63. <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  64. <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">();</span>
  65. <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  66. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">prime</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  67. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">integrate</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  68. <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  69. <span class="comment">// modify:</span>
  70. <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set_zero</span><span class="special">();</span>
  71. <span class="comment">// operators:</span>
  72. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  73. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">+=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  74. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  75. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  76. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  77. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  78. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  79. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">/=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  80. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  81. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">%=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  82. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  83. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">+=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  84. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  85. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  86. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  87. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  88. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  89. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">/=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  90. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  91. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">%=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
  92. <span class="special">};</span>
  93. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  94. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  95. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  96. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  97. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  98. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  99. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  100. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  101. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  102. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  103. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  104. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  105. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  106. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  107. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  108. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  109. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  110. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  111. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  112. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  113. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  114. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  115. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  116. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  117. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  118. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  119. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  120. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
  121. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  122. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
  123. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  124. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  125. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  126. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
  127. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  128. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  129. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  130. <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  131. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  132. <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  133. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  134. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">exp</span><span class="special">);</span>
  135. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">charT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  136. <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">charT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span>
  137. <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">charT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">poly</span><span class="special">);</span>
  138. <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  139. <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
  140. <span class="identifier">quotient_remainder</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  141. <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace tools</span>
  142. <span class="special">}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost { namespace math</span>
  143. </pre>
  144. <h5>
  145. <a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.h1"></a>
  146. <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="polynomials.html#math_toolkit.polynomials.description">Description</a>
  147. </h5>
  148. <p>
  149. This is a somewhat trivial class for polynomial manipulation.
  150. </p>
  151. <p>
  152. See
  153. </p>
  154. <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
  155. <li class="listitem">
  156. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial" target="_top">Polynomial</a>
  157. and
  158. </li>
  159. <li class="listitem">
  160. Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming: Volume 2, Third edition,
  161. (1998) Chapter 4.6.1, Algorithm D: Division of polynomials over a field.
  162. </li>
  163. </ul></div>
  164. <p>
  165. Implementation is currently of the "naive" variety, with &#119926;(N<sup>2</sup>) multiplication,
  166. for example. This class should not be used in high-performance computing environments:
  167. it is intended for the simple manipulation of small polynomials, typically
  168. generated for special function approximation.
  169. </p>
  170. <p>
  171. It does has division for polynomials over a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29" target="_top">field</a>
  172. (here floating point, complex, etc) and over a unique factorization domain
  173. (integers). Division of polynomials over a field is compatible with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" target="_top">Euclidean GCD</a>.
  174. </p>
  175. <p>
  176. Division of polynomials over a UFD is compatible with the subresultant algorithm
  177. for GCD (implemented as subresultant_gcd), but a serious word of warning is
  178. required: the intermediate value swell of that algorithm will cause single-precision
  179. integral types to overflow very easily. So although the algorithm will work
  180. on single-precision integral types, an overload of the gcd function is only
  181. provided for polynomials with multi-precision integral types, to prevent nasty
  182. surprises. This is done somewhat crudely by disabling the overload for non-POD
  183. integral types.
  184. </p>
  185. <p>
  186. Advanced manipulations: the FFT, factorisation etc are not currently provided.
  187. Submissions for these are of course welcome :-)
  188. </p>
  189. <h5>
  190. <a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.h2"></a>
  191. <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.polynomial_examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="polynomials.html#math_toolkit.polynomials.polynomial_examples">Polynomial
  192. Arithmetic Examples</a>
  193. </h5>
  194. <p>
  195. First include the essential polynomial header (and others) to make the example:
  196. </p>
  197. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  198. </pre>
  199. <p>
  200. and some using statements are convenient:
  201. </p>
  202. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">;</span>
  203. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">exception</span><span class="special">;</span>
  204. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">;</span>
  205. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">;</span>
  206. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">;</span>
  207. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">;</span>
  208. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// for polynomial</span>
  209. <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">lexical_cast</span><span class="special">;</span>
  210. </pre>
  211. <p>
  212. Store the coefficients in a convenient way to access them, then create some
  213. polynomials using construction from an iterator range, and finally output in
  214. a 'pretty' formula format.
  215. </p>
  216. <div class="tip"><table border="0" summary="Tip">
  217. <tr>
  218. <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/tip.png"></td>
  219. <th align="left">Tip</th>
  220. </tr>
  221. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
  222. Although we might conventionally write a polynomial from left to right in
  223. descending order of degree, Boost.Math stores in <span class="bold"><strong>ascending
  224. order of degree</strong></span>.
  225. </p></td></tr>
  226. </table></div>
  227. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Read</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">write</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">humans</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">6</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">10</span>
  228. <span class="identifier">Boost</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span> <span class="identifier">storage</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">[</span> <span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">]</span>
  229. </pre>
  230. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">d3a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{{</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">}};</span>
  231. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">d3a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">d3a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
  232. <span class="comment">// With C++11 and later, you can also use initializer_list construction.</span>
  233. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">{{-</span><span class="number">2.0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">}};</span>
  234. <span class="comment">// formula_format() converts from Boost storage to human notation.</span>
  235. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
  236. <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\nb = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  237. </pre>
  238. <p>
  239. for output:
  240. </p>
  241. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">6</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">10</span>
  242. <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">2</span>
  243. </pre>
  244. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Now we can do arithmetic with the usual infix operators: + - * / and %.</span>
  245. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
  246. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a + b = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  247. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
  248. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a - b = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  249. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">p</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
  250. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a * b = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  251. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">q</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
  252. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a / b = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">q</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  253. <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
  254. <span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"a % b = "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">formula_format</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
  255. </pre>
  256. <p>
  257. for output
  258. </p>
  259. <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">8</span>
  260. <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">12</span>
  261. <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">4</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">10</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">22</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">20</span>
  262. <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">^</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">2</span>
  263. <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">6</span>
  264. </pre>
  265. <h6>
  266. <a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.h3"></a>
  267. <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.polynomials.division_quotient_and_remainder"></a></span><a class="link" href="polynomials.html#math_toolkit.polynomials.division_quotient_and_remainder">Division,
  268. Quotient and Remainder</a>
  269. </h6>
  270. <p>
  271. Division is a special case where you can calculate two for the price of one.
  272. </p>
  273. <p>
  274. Actually, quotient and remainder are always calculated together due to the
  275. nature of the algorithm: the infix operators return one result and throw the
  276. other away.
  277. </p>
  278. <p>
  279. If you are doing a lot of division and want both the quotient and remainder,
  280. then you don't want to do twice the work necessary.
  281. </p>
  282. <p>
  283. In that case you can call the underlying function, <code class="literal">quotient_remainder</code>,
  284. to get both results together as a pair.
  285. </p>
  286. <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">polynomial</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">;</span>
  287. <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">quotient_remainder</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
  288. <span class="comment">// Reassure ourselves that the result is the same.</span>
  289. <span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">q</span><span class="special">);</span>
  290. <span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">second</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">);</span>
  291. </pre>
  292. <p>
  293. The source code is at <a href="../../../example/polynomial_arithmetic.cpp" target="_top">polynomial_arithmetic.cpp</a>
  294. </p>
  295. </div>
  296. <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
  297. <td align="left"></td>
  298. <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2006-2019 Nikhar
  299. Agrawal, Anton Bikineev, Paul A. Bristow, Marco Guazzone, Christopher Kormanyos,
  300. Hubert Holin, Bruno Lalande, John Maddock, Jeremy Murphy, Matthew Pulver, Johan
  301. R&#229;de, Gautam Sewani, Benjamin Sobotta, Nicholas Thompson, Thijs van den Berg,
  302. Daryle Walker and Xiaogang Zhang<p>
  303. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
  304. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
  305. </p>
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