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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers"></a><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html" title="Macros with modifiers">Macros with modifiers</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type">Return
      type modifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers/vmd_modifiers_filter.html">Filtering
      modifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers/vmd_modifiers_identifier.html">Identifier
      modifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers/vmd_modifiers_splitting.html">Splitting
      modifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers/vmd_modifiers_index.html">Index
      modifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_modifiers/vmd_modifiers_single.html">Modifiers
      and the single-element sequence</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
      The basic functionality for VMD macros parsing data types has been given using
      the required parameters of those macros. This basic functionality may be perfectly
      adequate for macro programmers to use VMD effectively in their programming
      efforts.
    </p>
<p>
      A number of those macros take optional parameters, called in general "modifiers",
      which enhance or change the functionality of those macros in various ways.
      All modifiers are VMD identifiers.
    </p>
<p>
      In all situations modifiers are optional parameters which are parsed by VMD
      to provide enhanced functionality for some of its macros. They are never required
      as part of the basic functionality of a macro.
    </p>
<p>
      When modifiers are used as optional arguments to a macro they can be input
      after the required parameters in any order and VMD will still handle the optional
      parameters correctly.
    </p>
<p>
      There are two general types of modifiers, 'specific modifiers' and 'user-defined
      modifiers'. Specific modifers start with BOOST_VMD_ and are both registered
      and pre-detected identifiers known to VMD. The specific modifiers change the
      expansion of particular macros in various ways which will be subsequently explained.
      User-defined modifiers are user-defined identifiers which the end-user of specific
      macros must register and pre-detect for himself. They also change the expansion
      of particular macros in various ways which will be subsequently explained.
    </p>
<p>
      For any particular macro if a specific modifier is not appropriate it is just
      ignored. This means that VMD never generates a preprocessing error or gives
      an incorrect result just because a specific modifier does not apply for a particular
      macro. Any modifier which is not recognized as a specific modifier is treated
      as a user-defined modifier. In cases where a user-defined modifier is not appropriate
      it is also just ignored.
    </p>
<p>
      The situations where modifiers can be used to enhance the basic functionality
      of VMD macros can be divided by particular types of specific modifiers. Each
      particular type of a specific modifier has a name given to it, functionality,
      and set of identifiers associated with that particular type. Each particular
      type of a specific modifier may be used as optional parameters in one or more
      designated macros depending on the specific modifier type.
    </p>
<p>
      When more than one mutually exclusive specific modifier from a particular type
      of modifier is specified as an optional parameter the last specified takes
      effect. This allows the programmer to override a specific modifier by adding
      the overridden identifier as an optional argument to the end of the macro's
      invocation.
    </p>
<p>
      Header files for specific modifiers are automatically included when the header
      files for macros taking those specific modifiers are included.
    </p>
<p>
      Header files for user-defined modifiers, which register and pre-detect those
      user-defined modifiers, must be included as needed by the programmer using
      those modifiers.
    </p>
<p>
      The following topics will explain each particular type of modifier and where
      it may be used.
    </p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type"></a><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type" title="Return type modifiers">Return
      type modifiers</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
        A number of macros are capable of returning the type of data as a v-type
        rather than, or along with, the data itself. The most obvious of these is
        BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE which generically returns the type of the input.
      </p>
<p>
        Return type modifiers turn on, turn off, or change the type of the data returned
        in some way.
      </p>
<p>
        These modifiers are:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_RETURN_NO_TYPE, do not return the type of data.
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE, return the type of data parsing any tuple-like
            syntactical construct as its most specific type. This means that any
            tuple-like construct is parsed first as a possible list, next as a possible
            array if it is not a list, and finally as a tuple if it is not a list
            or an array.
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST, parse any tuple-like syntactical construct
            first as a possible list and only then as a tuple if it is not a list.
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY, parse any tuple-like syntactical construct
            first as a possible array and only then as a tuple if it is not an array.
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE, parse any tuple-like syntactical construct
            only as a tuple.
          </li>
</ul></div>
<p>
        When VMD parses input generically it must determine the type of each data
        element of the input. For nearly all of the VMD data types this is never
        a problem. For the array or list data types this can be a problem, as explained
        when discussing parsing arrays and lists respectively using the specific
        macros BOOST_VMD_IS_ARRAY and BOOST_VMD_IS_LIST. The problem is that a valid
        tuple can be an invalid list or an invalid array, whose parsing as the more
        specific type will lead to UB. Because of this when VMD parses input generically,
        and only the data of an element is needed to continue parsing correctly,
        it parses all tuple-like data as a tuple and never as a list or an array.
      </p>
<p>
        When VMD parses input generically, and the type of the data is required in
        some way as part of the return of a macro, VMD by default parses for the
        most specific type of each data element in order to return the most accurate
        type. In this situation by default the BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE modifier is
        internally in effect without having to be specified.
      </p>
<p>
        If more than one of the return type modifiers are specified as optional parameters
        the last one specified is in effect.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.h0"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_boost_vmd_get_type"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_boost_vmd_get_type">Usage
        with BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The only macro in which VMD without the use of modifiers is being asked to
        return the type of data is BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE. For this macro the BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE
        modifier is internally in effect so if no return type modifiers are input
        as optional parameters BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE looks for the most specific type.
      </p>
<p>
        For the BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE macro the optional return type modifier BOOST_VMD_RETURN_NO_TYPE,
        if specified, is always ignored since the purpose of BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE is
        solely to return the v-type.
      </p>
<p>
        Let's look at how this works with BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE by specifying VMD sequences
        that have tuples which may or may not be valid lists or arrays.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">get_type</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_ARRAY</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST_OR_ARRAY</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span> <span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,^</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_EMPTY</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">specific</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">specific</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST_OR_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">specific</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST_OR_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST_OR_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_LIST_OR_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">give</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">give</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">give</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">give</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_EMPTY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">always</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_EMPTY</span> <span class="identifier">even</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="identifier">we</span> <span class="identifier">add</span> <span class="identifier">any</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">modifiers</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_GET_TYPE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">always</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQUENCE</span> <span class="identifier">even</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="identifier">we</span> <span class="identifier">add</span> <span class="identifier">any</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">modifiers</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.h1"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_sequence_converting_m"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_sequence_converting_m">Usage
        with sequence converting macros</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The sequence converting macros converts a sequence to a composite Boost PP
        data type or to variadic data, where each element's data in the sequence
        becomes an element in the destination composite type. The macros are:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY, converts the sequence to an array
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST, converts the sequence to a list
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ, converts the sequence to a seq
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE, converts the sequence to a tuple
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            BOOST_VMD_ENUM, converts the sequence to variadic data
          </li>
</ul></div>
<p>
        When it does the conversion, using just the required parameter of the sequence
        itself, it converts only the data value of each sequence element to the elements
        of a composite Boost PP data type or variadic data. Because it needs only
        the data value of each sequence element it determines the type of each sequence
        element as the most general type that it can be. This means that all tuple-like
        data are parsed as tuples rather than as possible lists or arrays.
      </p>
<p>
        Using a return type modifier we can convert from a VMD sequence to a Boost
        PP composite data type or variadic data and retain the type of data of each
        element in the sequence as part of the conversion. When doing this each of
        the converted elements of the composite data type becomes a two-element tuple
        where the first element is the type of the data and the second element is
        the data itself.
      </p>
<p>
        For the sequence conversion macros the default return type modifier internally
        set is BOOST_VMD_RETURN_NO_TYPE, which means that the type is not retained.
        By specifying another optional return type modifier we tell the conversion
        to preserve the type in the conversion output.
      </p>
<p>
        If the sequence is empty, since there are no sequence elements, any return
        type modifier we use accomplishes nothing but is fine to use.
      </p>
<p>
        First we show how sequence conversion macros work with the BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE
        modifier, which always parses for the most specific type.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="keyword">enum</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_array</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_list</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_seq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_REGISTER_ANID</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ANID</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_EMPTY_1</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE</span> <span class="number">35</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ID</span> <span class="identifier">ANID</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ARRAY</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_LIST</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="identifier">more_data</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_1</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_2</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">))</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_EMPTY_1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">empty</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="char">'(0,())'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_EMPTY_1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">empty</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="char">'(0,())'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">one</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="char">'(35,BOOST_PP_NIL)'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">one</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_NUMBER,35),BOOST_PP_NIL)'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ID</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">one</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'(ANID)'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ID</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">one</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_IDENTIFIER,ANID))'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">single</span> <span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((3,(0,1,2)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">single</span> <span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(3,(0,1,2))))'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ENUM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">single</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="char">'(data,(more_data,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ENUM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_LIST</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">single</span> <span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(data,(more_data,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">multi</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((0,1),(2)(3)(4))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">multi</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(0,1)),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ,(2)(3)(4)))'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ENUM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">multi</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">variadic</span> <span class="identifier">data</span> <span class="char">'BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ,(2,(5,6))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ENUM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">multi</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">element</span> <span class="identifier">variadic</span> <span class="identifier">data</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TYPE,BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(5,6)))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        Lets look at how we might use other return type modifiers when doing conversions
        to avoid UB if we want the type as part of the conversion but the type might
        be a valid tuple while being an invalid list or array.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_2</span> <span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_2</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,^</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_2</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_2</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_2</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_2</span>
</pre>
<p>
        We present a number of uses of various sequence conversions with each of
        our four different sequences, and show their results.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_seq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))) ((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))) ((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))) ((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_SEQ</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))) ((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_T1 is a valid array followed by a valid list. All return
        type modifiers produce their results without any UBs.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(&amp;2,(3,4))),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">tuple</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(&amp;2,(3,4))),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL)))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_T2 is an invalid array, but valid tuple, followed by a
        valid list.
      </p>
<p>
        In sequence conversion we will get UB whenever we use a return type modifier
        that parses the data type of the invalid array as an array. But if we use
        the return type modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE
        we are never parsing the invalid array as an array but as a tuple instead
        and therefore we successfully return the type of the invalid array as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_array</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="char">'(2,((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4))),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,^BOOST_PP_NIL))))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_ARRAY</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="char">'(2,((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4))),(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,^BOOST_PP_NIL))))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_T3 is a valid array followed by an invalid list, but a
        valid tuple.
      </p>
<p>
        In sequence conversion we will get UBs whenever we use a return type modifier
        that parses the data type of the invalid list as a list. But if we use the
        return type modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE
        we are never parsing the invalid list as a list but as a tuple instead and
        therefore we successfully return the type of the invalid list as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_list</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TO_LIST</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="char">'((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(&amp;2,(3,4))),((BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,^BOOST_PP_NIL)),BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_T4 is an invalid array, but valid tuple, followed by an
        invalid list, but valid tuple.
      </p>
<p>
        In sequence conversion we will get UBs whenever we use a return type modifier
        that parses the sequence other than looking for only valid tuples. So here
        we must use the return type modifier BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE for a sequence
        conversion without generating UBs.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.h2"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_boost_vmd_elem"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_boost_vmd_elem">Usage
        with BOOST_VMD_ELEM</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The default functionality of BOOST_VMD_ELEM when the required parameters
        are used is to return the particular element's data. When BOOST_VMD_ELEM
        does this it parses all elements of the sequence by determining the most
        general type of data for each element. The parsing algorithm stops when it
        reaches the element number whose data is returned. This means that all tuple-like
        data are parsed as tuples rather than as possible lists or arrays.
      </p>
<p>
        Using return type modifiers as optional parameters we can tell BOOST_VMD_ELEM
        to return the type of the element found, as well as its data, in the form
        of a two element tuple. The first element of the tuple is the type of the
        data and the second element of the tuple is the data itself.
      </p>
<p>
        When we use a return type modifier with BOOST_VMD_ELEM, which tells us to
        return the type of the data along with the data, the particular modifier
        only tells BOOST_VMD_ELEM how to parse the type of data for the element found.
        BOOST_VMD_ELEM will continue to parse elements in the sequence preceding
        the element found by determining the most general type of the data since
        this is the safest way of parsing the data itself.
      </p>
<p>
        Using the return type modifier BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE with BOOST_VMD_ELEM
        is perfectly safe as long as the particular element found is not an invalid
        list or array, but a valid tuple. It is when the element found may be an
        invalid list or invalid array that we must use other return type modifiers
        in order to parse the type of the element correctly.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">elem</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_REGISTER_ANID_E</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ANID_E</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E</span> <span class="number">35</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E2</span> <span class="identifier">ANID_E</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E_2</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">))</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'35'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_NUMBER,35)'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'ANID_E'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_SINGLE_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_IDENTIFIER,ANID_E)'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(2)(3)(4)'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ,(2)(3)(4))'</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E_2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E_2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TYPE,BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQ)'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        When we use the other return type modifiers with BOOST_VMD_ELEM we do so
        because the element we want may be an invalid list or an invalid array but
        a valid tuple and yet we still want its type returned as part of the result.
      </p>
<p>
        Let's look at how this works with BOOST_VMD_ELEM by specifying VMD sequences
        that have tuples which are in the form of arrays or lists which cannot be
        parsed as such by VMD without generating UBs.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST_E</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_E</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anydata</span><span class="special">,^</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_NIL</span><span class="special">)</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST_E</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_LIST_E</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_IS_VALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_E</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_ARRAY_E</span> <span class="identifier">TUPLE_BUT_INVALID_LIST_E</span>
</pre>
<p>
        We present a number of uses of BOOST_VMD_ELEM with each of our four different
        sequences, and show their results.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">elem</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_E1 is a valid array followed by a valid list. All return
        type modifiers produce their results without any UBs.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">elem</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">an</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(&amp;2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(&amp;2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_E2 is an invalid array, but valid tuple, followed by a
        valid list.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 0 of our sequence, and use a return type modifier
        that parses its data type as an array we will get UB. But if we use the return
        type modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE
        we are never parsing the invalid array as an array but as a tuple instead
        and therefore we successfully return the type of the invalid array as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 1 of our sequence, which is both a valid list and
        a valid tuple, we will never get UB. We will get the return type of the element
        based on which return type modifier we use.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">elem</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span> <span class="identifier">as</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_E3 is a valid array followed by an invalid list, but valid
        tuple.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 0 of our sequence, which is both a valid array and
        a valid tuple, we will never get UB. We will get the return type of the element
        based on which return type modifier we use.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 1 of our sequence, and use a return type modifier
        that parses its data type as a list we will get UB. But if we use the return
        type modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE
        we are never parsing the invalid list as a list but as a tuple instead and
        therefore we successfully return the type of the invalid list as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">elem</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">array</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(2,(3,4)))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST</span><span class="special">)</span>
   <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="identifier">produce</span> <span class="identifier">UB</span> <span class="identifier">when</span> <span class="identifier">attempting</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">parse</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">invalid</span> <span class="identifier">list</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ELEM</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">will</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="char">'(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,(anydata,BOOST_PP_NIL))'</span>
</pre>
<p>
        The SEQUENCE_MULTI_E4 is an invalid array, but valid tuple, followed by an
        invalid list, but valid tuple.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 0 of our sequence, which is an invalid array but a
        valid tuple, we must use a return type modifier which does not parse element
        0 as an array, else we will get UB. This means we must use the return type
        modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_LIST or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE so we
        are never parsing the invalid array as an array but as a tuple instead and
        therefore we successfully return the type of the invalid array as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<p>
        When we access element 1 of our sequence, which is an invalid list but a
        valid tuple, we must use a return type modifier which does not parse element
        1 as a list, else we will get UB. This means we must use the return type
        modifiers BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_ARRAY or BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE so we
        are never parsing the invalid list as a list but as a tuple instead and therefore
        we successfully return the type of the invalid list as a BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.h3"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_other_modifiers_of_bo"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_modifiers.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_modifiers.vmd_modifiers_return_type.usage_with_other_modifiers_of_bo">Usage
        with other modifiers of BOOST_VMD_ELEM</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        We have not yet discussed the rest of the modifiers which may be used with
        BOOST_VMD_ELEM, but return type modifiers are completely independent of any
        of them. This means they can be combined with other modifiers and whenever
        the element of the sequence is returned the return type modifiers determine
        of what the value of that element consists; whether it be just the element
        data or the element as a type/data tuple with the type parsed according to
        our return type modifier. When we subsequently discuss the use of other modifiers
        with BOOST_VMD_ELEM and refer to the element being returned, we are referring
        to that element as it is determined by the return type modifiers, which by
        default only returns the element's data.
      </p>
</div>
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