EQ2EMu/EQ2/source/depends/boost_1_72_0/libs/mpi/doc/mpi.qbk

[library Boost.MPI
    [quickbook 1.6]
    [authors [Gregor, Douglas], [Troyer, Matthias] ]
    [copyright 2005 2006 2007 Douglas Gregor, Matthias Troyer, Trustees of Indiana University]
    [id mpi]
    [license
        Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
        (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
        <ulink url="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">
            http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
        </ulink>)
    ]
]

[/ Links ]
[def _MPI_         [@http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/ MPI]]
[def _MPI_implementations_ 
   [@http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/implementations.html
    MPI implementations]]
[def _Serialization_ [@boost:/libs/serialization/doc
                      Boost.Serialization]]
[def _BoostPython_ [@http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc
                      Boost.Python]]
[def _Python_      [@http://www.python.org Python]]
[def _MPICH_        [@http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/ MPICH2]]
[def _OpenMPI_      [@http://www.open-mpi.org OpenMPI]]
[def _IntelMPI_     [@https://software.intel.com/en-us/intel-mpi-library Intel MPI]]
[def _accumulate_   [@http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/accumulate.html
                     `accumulate`]]

[include introduction.qbk]
[include getting_started.qbk]
[include tutorial.qbk]
[include c_mapping.qbk]

[xinclude mpi_autodoc.xml]

[include python.qbk]

[section:design Design Philosophy]

The design philosophy of the Parallel MPI library is very simple: be
both convenient and efficient. MPI is a library built for
high-performance applications, but it's FORTRAN-centric,
performance-minded design makes it rather inflexible from the C++
point of view: passing a string from one process to another is
inconvenient, requiring several messages and explicit buffering;
passing a container of strings from one process to another requires
an extra level of manual bookkeeping; and passing a map from strings
to containers of strings is positively infuriating. The Parallel MPI
library allows all of these data types to be passed using the same
simple `send()` and `recv()` primitives. Likewise, collective
operations such as [funcref boost::mpi::reduce `reduce()`]
allow arbitrary data types and function objects, much like the C++
Standard Library would. 

The higher-level abstractions provided for convenience must not have
an impact on the performance of the application. For instance, sending
an integer via `send` must be as efficient as a call to `MPI_Send`,
which means that it must be implemented by a simple call to
`MPI_Send`; likewise, an integer [funcref boost::mpi::reduce
`reduce()`] using `std::plus<int>` must be implemented with a call to
`MPI_Reduce` on integers using the `MPI_SUM` operation: anything less
will impact performance. In essence, this is the "don't pay for what
you don't use" principle: if the user is not transmitting strings,
s/he should not pay the overhead associated with strings. 

Sometimes, achieving maximal performance means foregoing convenient
abstractions and implementing certain functionality using lower-level
primitives. For this reason, it is always possible to extract enough
information from the abstractions in Boost.MPI to minimize
the amount of effort required to interface between Boost.MPI
and the C MPI library.
[endsect]

[section:performance Performance Evaluation]

Message-passing performance is crucial in high-performance distributed
computing. To evaluate the performance of Boost.MPI, we modified the
standard [@http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/netpipe/ NetPIPE] benchmark
(version 3.6.2) to use Boost.MPI and compared its performance against
raw MPI. We ran five different variants of the NetPIPE benchmark:

# MPI: The unmodified NetPIPE benchmark.

# Boost.MPI: NetPIPE modified to use Boost.MPI calls for
  communication.

# MPI (Datatypes): NetPIPE modified to use a derived datatype (which
  itself contains a single `MPI_BYTE`) rather than a fundamental
  datatype.

# Boost.MPI (Datatypes): NetPIPE modified to use a user-defined type
  `Char` in place of the fundamental `char` type. The `Char` type
  contains a single `char`, a `serialize()` method to make it
  serializable, and specializes [classref
  boost::mpi::is_mpi_datatype is_mpi_datatype] to force
  Boost.MPI to build a derived MPI data type for it.

# Boost.MPI (Serialized): NetPIPE modified to use a user-defined type
  `Char` in place of the fundamental `char` type. This `Char` type
  contains a single `char` and is serializable. Unlike the Datatypes
  case, [classref boost::mpi::is_mpi_datatype
  is_mpi_datatype] is *not* specialized, forcing Boost.MPI to perform
  many, many serialization calls.

The actual tests were performed on the Odin cluster in the
[@http://www.cs.indiana.edu/ Department of Computer Science] at
[@http://www.iub.edu Indiana University], which contains 128 nodes
connected via Infiniband. Each node contains 4GB memory and two AMD
Opteron processors. The NetPIPE benchmarks were compiled with Intel's
C++ Compiler, version 9.0, Boost 1.35.0 (prerelease), and
[@http://www.open-mpi.org/ Open MPI] version 1.1. The NetPIPE results
follow:

[$../../libs/mpi/doc/netpipe.png]

There are a some observations we can make about these NetPIPE
results. First of all, the top two plots show that Boost.MPI performs
on par with MPI for fundamental types. The next two plots show that
Boost.MPI performs on par with MPI for derived data types, even though
Boost.MPI provides a much more abstract, completely transparent
approach to building derived data types than raw MPI. Overall
performance for derived data types is significantly worse than for
fundamental data types, but the bottleneck is in the underlying MPI
implementation itself. Finally, when forcing Boost.MPI to serialize
characters individually, performance suffers greatly. This particular
instance is the worst possible case for Boost.MPI, because we are
serializing millions of individual characters.  Overall, the
additional abstraction provided by Boost.MPI does not impair its
performance.

[endsect]

[section:history Revision History]

* *Boost 1.36.0*: 
  * Support for non-blocking operations in Python, from Andreas Klöckner

* *Boost 1.35.0*: Initial release, containing the following post-review changes 
  * Support for arrays in all collective operations
  * Support default-construction of [classref boost::mpi::environment environment]
    
* *2006-09-21*: Boost.MPI accepted into Boost.

[endsect:history]

[section:acknowledge Acknowledgments]
Boost.MPI was developed with support from Zurcher Kantonalbank. Daniel
Egloff and Michael Gauckler contributed many ideas to Boost.MPI's
design, particularly in the design of its abstractions for
MPI data types and the novel skeleton/context mechanism for large data
structures. Prabhanjan (Anju) Kambadur developed the predecessor to
Boost.MPI that proved the usefulness of the Serialization library in
an MPI setting and the performance benefits of specialization in a C++
abstraction layer for MPI. Jeremy Siek managed the formal review of Boost.MPI.

[endsect:acknowledge]