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- <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.complex.cpp_complex"></a><a class="link" href="cpp_complex.html" title="cpp_complex">cpp_complex</a>
- </h4></div></div></div>
- <p>
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code>
- </p>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">Digits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_type</span> <span class="identifier">DigitBase</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="identifier">MinExponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="identifier">MaxExponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_backend</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">complex_adaptor</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Digits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">DigitBase</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MinExponent</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxExponent</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">>;</span>
- <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">Digits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_type</span> <span class="identifier">DigitBase</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">digit_base_10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="identifier">MinExponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span> <span class="identifier">MaxExponent</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">et_off</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">complex_adaptor</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Digits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">DigitBase</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Exponent</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MinExponent</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxExponent</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">>,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">>;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">50</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_50</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">100</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_100</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">24</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int16_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">126</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">127</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_single</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">53</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int16_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1022</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1023</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_double</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int16_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">16382</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">16383</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_extended</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">113</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int16_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">16382</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">16383</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_quad</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">237</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">backends</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int32_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">262142</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">262143</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">cpp_complex_oct</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="special">}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespaces</span>
- </pre>
- <p>
- The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_backend</span></code>
- back-end is used in conjunction with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span></code>:
- It acts as an entirely C++ (header only and dependency free) complex number
- type that is a drop-in replacement for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span></code>,
- but with much greater precision.
- </p>
- <p>
- The template alias <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code>
- avoids the need to use class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span></code>
- directly.
- </p>
- <p>
- Type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code> can be
- used at fixed precision by specifying a non-zero <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Digits</span></code>
- template parameter. The typedefs <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_50</span></code>
- and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_100</span></code> provide
- complex number types at 50 and 100 decimal digits precision respectively.
- </p>
- <p>
- Optionally, you can specify whether the precision is specified in decimal
- digits or binary bits - for example to declare a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code>
- with exactly the same precision as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">></span></code> one would use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">53</span><span class="special">,</span>
- <span class="identifier">digit_base_2</span><span class="special">></span></code>.
- The typedefs <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_single</span></code>,
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_double</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_quad</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_oct</span></code>
- and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_double_extended</span></code>
- provide software analogues of the IEEE single, double, quad and octuple
- float data types, plus the Intel-extended-double type respectively. Note
- that while these types are functionally equivalent to the native IEEE types,
- but they do not have the same size or bit-layout as true IEEE compatible
- types.
- </p>
- <p>
- Normally <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code> allocates
- no memory: all of the space required for its digits are allocated directly
- within the class. As a result care should be taken not to use the class
- with too high a digit count as stack space requirements can grow out of
- control. If that represents a problem then providing an allocator as a
- template parameter causes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code>
- to dynamically allocate the memory it needs: this significantly reduces
- the size of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code>
- and increases the viable upper limit on the number of digits at the expense
- of performance. However, please bear in mind that arithmetic operations
- rapidly become <span class="emphasis"><em>very</em></span> expensive as the digit count grows:
- the current implementation really isn't optimized or designed for large
- digit counts. Note that since the actual type of the objects allocated
- is completely opaque, the suggestion would be to use an allocator with
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_type</span></code>,
- for example: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">digit_base_10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">allocator</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">></span></code>.
- </p>
- <p>
- The next template parameters determine the type and range of the exponent:
- parameter <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Exponent</span></code> can
- be any signed integer type, but note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MinExponent</span></code>
- and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MaxExponent</span></code> can not
- go right up to the limits of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Exponent</span></code>
- type as there has to be a little extra headroom for internal calculations.
- You will get a compile time error if this is the case. In addition if MinExponent
- or MaxExponent are zero, then the library will choose suitable values that
- are as large as possible given the constraints of the type and need for
- extra headroom for internal calculations.
- </p>
- <p>
- Finally, as with class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span></code>,
- the final template parameter determines whether expression templates are
- turn on or not. Since by default this type allocates no memory, expression
- template support is off by default. However, you should probably turn it
- on if you specify an allocator.
- </p>
- <p>
- There is full standard library support available for this type, comparable
- with what <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span></code> provides.
- </p>
- <p>
- Things you should know when using this type:
- </p>
- <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
- <li class="listitem">
- Default constructed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span></code>s
- have a value of zero.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- The radix of this type is 2, even when the precision is specified as
- decimal digits.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- The type supports both infinities and NaN's. An infinity is generated
- whenever the result would overflow, and a NaN is generated for any
- mathematically undefined operation.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- There is no <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span></code> specialisation for
- this type: this is the same behaviour as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span></code>.
- If you need <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span></code> support you need to
- look at <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">my_complex_number_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">></span></code>.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- Any <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span></code> instantiated
- on this type, is convertible to any other <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span></code>
- instantiated on this type - for example you can convert from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="number">50</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">></span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">SomeOtherValue</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">></span></code>.
- Narrowing conversions round to nearest and are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">explicit</span></code>.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- Conversion from a string results in a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">runtime_error</span></code>
- being thrown if the string can not be interpreted as a valid complex
- number.
- </li>
- </ul></div>
- <h6>
- <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.complex.cpp_complex.h0"></a>
- <span class="phrase"><a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.complex.cpp_complex.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp_complex.html#boost_multiprecision.tut.complex.cpp_complex.example">example:</a>
- </h6>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_complex</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Complex</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">complex_number_examples</span><span class="special">()</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="identifier">Complex</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">};</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setprecision</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Complex</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">digits10</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">scientific</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fixed</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Print a complex number: "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Square it : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">z1</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Real part : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">real</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">" = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">real</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Imaginary part : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">imag</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">" = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">imag</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Absolute value : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Argument : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Norm : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">norm</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Complex conjugate : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">conj</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Projection onto Riemann sphere: "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">proj</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Complex</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Complex</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.8</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">polar</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Polar coordinates (phase = 0) : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">polar</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Polar coordinates (phase !=0) : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">polar</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"\nElementary special functions:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">exp</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"exp(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">exp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">log</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"log(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">log</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">log10</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"log10(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">log10</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"pow(z1, z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sqrt</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"Take its square root : "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">sqrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sin</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"sin(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">sin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cos</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"cos(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">cos</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tan</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"tan(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">tan</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asin</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"asin(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">asin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acos</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"acos(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">acos</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">atan</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"atan(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">atan</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sinh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"sinh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">sinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cosh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"cosh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">cosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tanh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"tanh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">tanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asinh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"asinh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">asinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"acosh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">atanh</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"atanh(z1) = "</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">atanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="special">}</span>
- <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"First, some operations we usually perform with std::complex:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">complex_number_examples</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">>>();</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special"><<</span> <span class="string">"\nNow the same operations performed using quad precision complex numbers:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">complex_number_examples</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_complex_quad</span><span class="special">>();</span>
- <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="special">}</span>
- </pre>
- <p>
- Which produces the output (for the multiprecision type):
- </p>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Print</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">complex</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">Square</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">part</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Imaginary</span> <span class="identifier">part</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Absolute</span> <span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Argument</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">1.570796326794896619231321691639751</span>
- <span class="identifier">Norm</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Complex</span> <span class="identifier">conjugate</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,-</span><span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">Projection</span> <span class="identifier">onto</span> <span class="identifier">Riemann</span> <span class="identifier">sphere</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">Polar</span> <span class="identifier">coordinates</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">phase</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">1.000000000000000000000000000000000</span>
- <span class="identifier">Polar</span> <span class="identifier">coordinates</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">phase</span> <span class="special">!=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.696706709347165389063740022772448</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.717356090899522792567167815703377</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">Elementary</span> <span class="identifier">special</span> <span class="identifier">functions</span><span class="special">:</span>
- <span class="identifier">exp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.540302305868139717400936607442977</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.841470984807896506652502321630299</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">log</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.570796326794896619231321691639751</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">log10</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.682188176920920673742891812715678</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.207879576350761908546955619834979</span>
- <span class="identifier">Take</span> <span class="identifier">its</span> <span class="identifier">square</span> <span class="identifier">root</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.707106781186547524400844362104849</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.707106781186547524400844362104849</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">sin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.175201193643801456882381850595601</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">cos</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1.543080634815243778477905620757062</span>
- <span class="identifier">tan</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.761594155955764888119458282604794</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">asin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.881373587019543025232609324979793</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">acos</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1.570796326794896619231321691639751</span><span class="special">,-</span><span class="number">0.881373587019543025232609324979793</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">atan</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">sinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.841470984807896506652502321630299</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">cosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.540302305868139717400936607442977</span>
- <span class="identifier">tanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.557407724654902230506974807458360</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">asinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.570796326794896619231321691639751</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.881373587019543025232609324979792</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1.570796326794896619231321691639751</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="identifier">atanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">z1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0.000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0.785398163397448309615660845819876</span><span class="special">)</span>
- </pre>
- </div>
- <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
- <td align="left"></td>
- <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2019 John Maddock
- and Christopher Kormanyos<p>
- Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
- </p>
- </div></td>
- </tr></table>
- <hr>
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